Mecanismos moleculares de la esquizofrenia / Molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia / Mecanismos moleculares da esquizofrenia

La etiología de la esquizofrenia no está totalmente dilucidada. Se conocen más de 100 diferentes loci de genes relacionados con esquizofrenia, la mayoría de los cuales codifican moléculas asociados a los sistemas de neurotransmisores o al neurodesarrollo. Las primeras abarcan receptores de los neurotransmisores como dopamina, GABA o glutamato y de otros neurotransmisores con menor relación, como la serotonina y la acetilcolina. También están implicadas diversas enzimas relacionadas con el metabolismo, cotransportadores y algunas proteínas intracelulares involucradas en la degradación o síntesis de dichos neurotransmisores. Entre las moléculas que intervienen en el neurodesarrollo están los factores neurotróficos (BDNF, DISC1, NRG1) y las proteínas del complemento C3 y C4, que median la respuesta inflamatoria y la poda sináptica durante el desarrollo temprano. Los productos de la producción genética involucrados en la etiología de la esquizofrenia aportan a la vulnerabilidad selectiva o al proceso de lesión que se instaura o progresa en el paciente, por tanto, su estudio es de relevancia para la comprensión de los fenómenos clínicos propios de la enfermedad.

The etiology of schizophrenia is not fully elucidated. More than 100 different gene loci related to schizophrenia are known, most of which encode molecules associated with neurotransmitter systems or neurodevelopment. These include receptors for neurotransmitters such as dopamine, GABA, or glutamate, as well as other neurotransmitters with less direct relevance, such as serotonin and acetylcholine. Various enzymes involved in metabolism, cotransporters, and intracellular proteins involved in the degradation or synthesis of said neurotransmitters are also implicated. Among the molecules involved in neurodevelopment are neurotrophic factors (BDNF, DISC1, NRG1) and complement proteins C3 and C4, which mediate the inflammatory response and synaptic pruning during early development. The genetic products involved in the etiology of schizophrenia contribute to selective vulnerability or the process of injury that is established or progresses in the patient. Therefore, their study is relevant to the understanding of the clinical phenomena associated with the disease.

A etiologia da esquizofrenia não está totalmente elucidada. Mais de 100 diferentes loci de genes relacionados à esquizofrenia são conhecidos, a maioria dos quais codifica moléculas associadas a sistemas de neurotransmissores ou neurodesenvolvimento. O primeiro inclui receptores para neurotransmissores como dopamina, GABA ou glutamato e outros neurotransmissores menos relacionados, como serotonina e acetilcolina. Também estão envolvidas várias enzimas relacionadas com o metabolismo, cotransportadores e algumas proteínas intracelulares envolvidas na degradação ou síntese dos referidos neurotransmissores. Entre as moléculas envolvidas no neurodesenvolvimento estão os fatores neurotróficos (BDNF, DISC1, NRG1) e as proteínas do complemento C3 e C4, que medeiam a resposta inflamatória e a poda sináptica durante o desenvolvimento inicial. Os produtos da produção genética envolvidos na etiologia da esquizofrenia contribuem para a vulnerabilidade seletiva ou para o processo de lesão que se instala ou progride no paciente, portanto, seu estudo é relevante para a compreensão dos fenômenos clínicos da esquizofrenia

Diagnóstico de la Enfermedad de Chagas congénito: Aspectos relevantes

Introducción: El presente artículo describe aspectos relevantes entorno de la Enfermedad de Chagas congénita, tales como epidemiología, sintomatología, revisión de casos clínicos y las técnicas diagnósticas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura por medio de bases de datos bibliográficas como PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, Plos One, SciELO, teniendo como criterio de inclusión las publicaciones artículos o comprendidos entre enero de 2013 y enero del año 2022 en idioma español e inglés. Resultados: Se determinó que la prevalencia de la Enfermedad de Chagas congénita aún es un problema de salud pública en áreas endémicas y no endémicas, siendo la serología materna indispensable para dar seguimiento oportuno a los casos. Conclusiones: Los seguimientos diagnósticos actuales difieren en los países endémicos y se están aplicando tamizajes en zonas no endémicas donde migran mujeres procedentes de áreas de trasmisión activa de la Enfermedad Chagásica.

Introduction: This article describes relevant aspects of congenital Chagas disease, such as epidemiology, symptoms, review of clinical cases, and diagnostic techniques. Methods: A review of the literature was carried out through bibliographic databases such as PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, Plos One, SciELO, having as inclusion criteria articles or publications between January 2013 and January 2022 in Spanish and English. Results: It was determined that the prevalence of congenital Chagas disease is still a public health problem in endemic and non-endemic areas, and maternal serology is essential for timely monitoring of cases. Conclusions: Current diagnostic follow-ups differ in endemic countries and screening is being applied in non-endemic areas where women from areas of active transmission of Chagasic disease migrate.

Rinovirus y metapneumovirus en pacientes con infección respiratoria aguda grave / Rhinovirus and metapneumovirus in patients with severe acute respiratory infection

Introducción. Los virus son los principales agentes etiológicos en las infecciones respiratorias agudas graves; un alto porcentaje queda sin diagnóstico viral. Objetivo. Describir la frecuencia de rinovirus y metapneumovirus en pacientes pediátricos de una unidad centinela de Mar del Plata con infección respiratoria aguda grave y resultado negativo para virus clásicos por inmunofluorescencia y biología molecular. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se evaluó la presencia de rinovirus y metapneumovirus por biología molecular en 163 casos negativos para panel respiratorio por técnicas de vigilancia referencial, durante todo el año 2015. Resultados. Se detectó rinovirus en el 51,5 % de los casos, metapneumovirus en el 9,8 % y coinfección rinovirus-metapneumovirus en el 6,1 %. Fueron negativos para ambos virus el 32,5 %. Conclusiones. La selección de muestras sin diagnóstico virológico permitió identificar rinovirus y metapneumovirus como agentes causales de infecciones respiratorias agudas graves pediátricas y su impacto en la morbimortalidad infantil y en nuestro sistema sanitario.

Introduction. Viruses are the main etiologic agents involved in severe acute respiratory tract infections; a viral diagnosis is not established in a high percentage of cases. Objective. To describe the frequency of rhinovirus and metapneumovirus in pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory infection and negative results for typical viruses by immunofluorescence and molecular biology at a sentinel unit of Mar del Plata. Population and methods. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The presence of rhinovirus and metapneumovirus was assessed by molecular biology in 163 cases negative for respiratory panel by referral surveillance techniques throughout 2015. Results. Rhinovirus was detected in 51.5% of cases, metapneumovirus in 9.8%, and coinfection with rhinovirus and metapneumovirus in 6.1%. Results were negative for both viruses in 32.5%. Conclusions. The selection of samples without a viral diagnosis allowed us to identify rhinovirus and metapneumovirus as causative agents of severe acute respiratory infections in children and assess their impact on child morbidity and mortality and on our health care system

High-intensity interval training (treadmill) effects in myokines and endoplasmic reticulum stress of calf muscles in obese mice / Efectos del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (trotadora) en miocinas y estrés del retículo endoplasmático de los músculos surales en ratones obesos

SUMMARY: Obesity is commonly associated with chronic tissue inflammation and skeletal muscle dysfunction. The study aimed to investigate the effects of High-Intensity Interval training (HIIT) on myokines and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress of diet- induced obese (DIO) mice. Three-month-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed a control (C) diet (n=20) or a high-fat (HF) diet (n=20) for 16 weeks. Then, half of the groups underwent HIIT (treadmill running) for an additional four weeks. HIIT increased calf muscles' contribution to BW (+24 %) and reduced weight gain in HF/HIIT than in HF (-120 %). Intramuscular fat accumulation was observed in HF and HF/ HIIT. Peak velocity was higher in HF/HIIT compared to HF (+26 %). Plasma insulin did not change, but glycemia was lower in HF/HIIT than in HF (-30 %). Fndc5 (+418 %) and Irisin (+72 %) were higher in HF/HIIT than in HF. Muscle Fgf21 was higher in HF/HIIT compared to HF (+30 %). In addition, NfKb (-53 %) and Tnfa (-63 %) were lower in HF/HIIT than in HF. However, Il1b (-86 %), Il6 (- 48 %), Il7 (-76 %), and Il15 (-21 %) were lower in HF/HIIT than in HF. Finally, HIIT reduced ER stress in HF/HIIT compared to HF: Atf4, -61 %; Chop, -61 %; Gadd45, -95 %. In conclusion, HIIT leads to weight loss and avoids muscle depletion. HIIT improves blood glucose, Irisin-Fndc5, and peak velocity. In addition, HIIT mitigates muscle inflammation and ER stress.

La obesidad es asociada comúnmente con inflamación tisular crónica y disfunción del músculo esquelético. El estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos del entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) en las mioquinas y el estrés del retículo endoplásmico (ER) de ratones obesos inducidos por dieta (DIO). Se alimentó a ratones macho C57BL/6 de tres meses de edad con una dieta control (C) (n=20) o una dieta rica en grasas (HF) (n=20) durante 16 semanas. Luego, la mitad de los grupos se sometieron a HIIT (carrera en una trotadora) durante cuatro semanas más. HIIT aumentó la contribución de los músculos de la pantorrilla al BW (+24 %) y redujo el aumento de peso en HF/HIIT en HF (-120 %). Se observó acumulación de grasa intramuscular en HF y HF/HIIT. La velocidad máxima fue mayor en HF/HIIT en comparación con HF (+26 %). La insulina plasmática no cambió, pero la glucemia fue menor en HF/HIIT que en HF (-30 %). Fndc5 (+418 %) e Irisin (+72 %) fueron mayores en HF/HIIT que en HF. El Fgf21 muscular fue mayor en HF/ HIIT en comparación con HF (+30 %). Además, NfKb (-53 %) y Tnfa (-63 %) fueron menores en HF/HIIT que en HF. Sin embar- go, Il1b (-86 %), Il6 (-48 %), Il7 (-76 %) e Il15 (-21 %) fueron más bajos en HF/HIIT que en HF. Finalmente, HIIT redujo el estrés de RE en HF/HIIT en comparación con HF: Atf4, -61 %; Picar, - 61 %; Gadd45, -95 %. En conclusión, HIIT conduce a la pérdida de peso y evita el agotamiento muscular. HIIT mejora la glucosa en sangre, Irisin-Fndc5 y la velocidad máxima. Además, HIIT mitiga la inflamación muscular y el estrés ER.

Editing the Human Genome with CRISPR/Cas: A Review of its Molecular Basis, Current Clinical Applications, and Bioethical Implications

ABSTRACT CRISPR/Cas genes evolved in prokaryotic organisms as a mechanism of defense designed to identify and destroy genetic material from threatening viruses. A breakthrough discovery is that CRISPR/Cas system can be used in eukaryotic cells to edit almost any desired gene. This comprehensive review addresses the most relevant work in the CRISPR/Cas field, including its history, molecular biology, gene editing capability, ongoing clinical trials, and bioethics. Although the science involved is complex, we intended to describe it in a concise manner that could be of interest to diverse readers, including anyone dedicated to the treatment of patients who could potentially benefit from gene editing, molecular biologists, and bioethicists. CRISPR/Cas has the potential to correct inherited diseases caused by single point mutations, to knock-in the promoter of a gene whose expression is highly desirable or knockout the gene coding for a deleterious protein. CRISPR/Cas technique can also be used to edit ex vivo immune cells and reinsert them in patients, improving their efficiency in attacking malignant cells, limiting the infectious potential of viruses or modulating xenotransplant rejection. Very important bioethical considerations on this topic include the need to internationally regulate its use by ad hoc expert committees and to limit its use until safety and bioethical issues are satisfactorily resolved.

A sad portrait of congenital syphilis in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Case report with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of scrapings from skin lesions and placenta fragment positive for Treponema pallidum

Introduction: Congenital syphilis is a serious public health problem that causes high rates of intrauterine morbidity and mortality, revealing flaws and weaknesses in the health system. Objective: to report a case of congenital syphilis in a university hospital in the Center-South Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Case report: A pregnant woman, aged between 19 and 23 years old, carrying a Pregnant Woman's Handbook with a record of seven prenatal consultations and a note of the serological reaction for positive syphilis, but without any treatment, hospitalized at the University Hospital of Vassouras (RJ), in labor, gave birth to a newborn (NB) with a clinical picture and serological test of congenital syphilis. The NB required care in an intensive care unit and was discharged 28 days after birth. Scraping of skin lesions of the NB and placenta was performed for analysis by molecular biology (PCR in house) and genetic material of Treponema pallidum was detected. Conclusion: Congenital syphilis is a serious outcome of syphilis during pregnancy, consuming high financial resources and significant emotional distress for the mother, father, the whole family, as well as for the health teams. Our case report was the first that we are aware of in Brazil with a diagnosis by PCR for positive Treponema pallidum of skin scraping and placental fragment. It also showed poor quality prenatal care, a common factor in most cases of CS in our reality

Research progress of solute carriers related genes in malignant tumors / 国际肿瘤学杂志

As a transport channel for amino acids, solute carrier (SLC) exists in all kinds of cells, and its function is to transport various amino acids and provide necessary nutrients for the growth and development of cells. In recent years, SLC7A5 and SLC7A11 genes of SLC7 family members have been found to be highly expressed in various malignant tumors, which can promote the occurrence and development of tumors by providing necessary amino acids for tumors. Studies have shown that these genes are associated with a variety of malignant tumors, and their expression is closely related to the growth, metastasis, treatment and prognosis of tumor cells. Moreover, the results of multiple studies suggest that SLC7A5 and SLC7A11 genes can be used as therapeutic targets for malignant tumors. Clarifying the expression and clinical significance of the above genes in malignant tumors, the molecular biological mechanism and the progress of molecular targeted therapy are helpful to provide a new way for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors.

Effect of circRNA on breast cancer metastasis / 国际外科学杂志

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women, and metastasis is the main cause of death in breast cancer patients. Circular RNA (circRNA) is prevalent, abundant in organisms, and are characterized by their stable structure, conserved sequences, and specific expression. CircRNA have emerged as crucial regulators in diverse human cancers including breast cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNA are aberrantly expressed in tissues and cell lines of breast cancer and involved in breast cancer metastasis. However, systematic knowledge regarding circRNA involvement in metastatic breast cancer remains unclear. This review outline functional circRNA associated with breast cancer metastasis and discuss their underlying mechanisms, providing new ideas for early prediction, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer metastasis in the future.

Clinical Analysis of Patients with Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of patients with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of 5 patients diagnosed with BPDCN in Wuhan First Hospital and Wuhan Tongji Hospital from June 2016 to November 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Among the 5 patients, 3 were male and 2 were female, with a median age of 28(10-52) years old. Four patients showed obvious skin damage at the initial diagnosis; the other one showed clinical manifestations of acute leukemia rather than obvious skin damage at the initial diagnosis, but infiltrated skin when the disease relapsed after treatment. Other infiltration sites of lesions included bone marrow (2/5), peripheral blood (2/5), lymph nodes (3/5), liver and spleen (2/5). All patients had no clinical manifestation of central nervous system infiltration. Tumor cell specific immune markers CD4, CD56, CD123 were all positive, and the median Ki-67 index was 70%. TET2, ASXL1 and NRAS gene mutations were found respectively in 3 patients by next-generation sequencing technique (NGS). ALL-like, AML-like and invasive NK/T cell lymphoma-like first-line induction chemotherapy regimens were used for the patients. One patient died of severe complications during the early stage of chemotherapy, 3 patients were evaluated as CR, and 1 patient was evaluated as PR. 2 patients were recurred and progressed after induction of chemotherapy, and one of them was evaluated as CR after re-treatment. One patient received autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) and got long-term survival (OS 87 months). 3 patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), of which one died of transplantation related complications, and 2 cases survived. The median follow-up time of 4 patients with evaluable efficacy was 28.5(9-84) months, the median OS time was 31.5(10-87) months.@*CONCLUSION@#BPDCN is a highly heterogeneous malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. HSCT, especially allo-HSCT can significantly improve the prognosis of BPDCN patients.

Research progress of m6A methylation in prostate cancer / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a ubiquitous RNA modification in mammals. This modification is "written" by methyltransferases and then "read" by m6A-binding proteins, followed by a series of regulation, such as alternative splicing, translation, RNA stability, and RNA translocation. At last, the modification is "erased" by demethylases. m6A modification is essential for normal physiological processes in mammals and is also a very important epigenetic modification in the development of cancer. In recent years, cancer-related m6A regulation has been widely studied, and various mechanisms of m6A regulation in cancer have also been recognized. In this review, we summarize the changes of m6A modification in prostate cancer and discuss the effect of m6A regulation on prostate cancer progression, aiming to profile the potential relevance between m6A regulation and prostate cancer development. Intensive studies on m6A regulation in prostate cancer may uncover the potential role of m6A methylation in the cancer diagnosis and cancer therapy.

Practices of integrating the undergraduate and graduate teaching of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology / 生物工程学报

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology are the cornerstone courses of talent training in the field of life science. Taking these course as an example, this study explored reconstructing the knowledge framework, developing teaching cases, sharing teaching resources, innovating teaching means and establishing ideological education patterns. Supported by the scientific research achievements with discipline characteristics and online teaching platform, this research explored and practiced an integrated curriculum reform mode. This mode is guided by scientific research and education, based on the course development, and driven by communication and cooperation. A shared space of "exchange, practice, openness and informatization" was developed to achieve free and independent integration of undergraduate and graduate teaching motivated by learning knowledge, resulting in an effective student training.

Análisis in silico de las alteraciones de la secuencia y estructura de RBD-SARS-CoV-2, que afectan su complementariedad por anticuerpos neutralizantes IgG-antiRBD

Las vacunas anti-SARS-CoV-2 inducen la producción de anticuerpos neutralizantes IgG contra el Dominio de Unión al Receptor de la proteína S del virus (IgG-antiRBD). En Bolivia, Sinopharm y Sputnik V fueron vacunas ampliamente utilizadas durante la pandemia. Sin embargo, las mutaciones y los cambios sufridos en SARS-CoV-2 fueron responsables de las nuevas olas de contagio. Objetivo: determinar las alteraciones a nivel de secuencia y de estructura del RBD-SARS-CoV-2, que afectan su complementariedad por anticuerpos neutralizantes IgG-antiRBD. Material y Métodos: se obtuvieron las secuencias y estructuras cristalográficas del RBDSARS-CoV-2 a partir de la base de datos Protein Data Bank. Para el Alineamiento Múltiple de Secuencias y el Alineamiento Estructural, se emplearon Mega6 y Chimera1,15. Resultados: el Alineamiento Múltiple de Secuencias y Alineamiento Estructural de las principales variantes epidemiológicas de SARS-CoV-2 evidencian que, krakenXBB1.5 fue la más divergente a nivel de secuencia, mientras que, omicronBA2.75 presentó más cambios estructurales y mayores impedimentos estéricos al interaccionar con IgG-antiRBD, siendo la más contagiosas y más evasiva a la respuesta inmunológica. Conclusiones: el uso de herramientas bioinformáticas para el seguimiento en los cambios moleculares de SARS-CoV-2 permiten predecir el comportamiento epidemiológico de nuevas variantes emergentes y además promover el mejoramiento en los criterios de prevención.

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce the production of IgG neutralizing antibodies against the Receptor Binding Domain of the S protein of the virus (IgG-antiRBD). In Bolivia, Sinopharm and Sputnik V were widely used vaccines during the pandemic. However, the mutations and changes suffered in SARS-CoV-2 were responsible for the new contagion outbreaks. Objective: To determine the sequence and structure alterations of RBD-SARS-CoV-2, which affect its complementarity by IgG-antiRBD neutralizing antibodies. Material and Methods: The sequences and crystallographic structures of RBD-SARS-CoV-2 were obtained from the Protein Data Bank database. For Multiple Sequence Alignment and Structural Alignment, Mega6 and Chimera1.15 were used. Results: The Multiple Sequence Alignment and Structural Alignment of the main epidemiological variants of SARS-CoV-2 showed that krakenXBB1.5 was the most divergent at the sequence level, while omicronBA2.75 presented more structural changes and greater steric hindrances when interacting with IgG-antiRBD, being the most contagious and most evasive to the immune response. Conclusions: The use of bioinformatics tools for monitoring the molecular changes of SARS-CoV-2 make it possible to predict the epidemiological behavior of new emerging variants and also promote improvement in prevention criteria

Efectividad de una metodología de aprendizaje profesional basada en proyectos en la asignatura Biología Molecular / Effectiveness of a project-based professional learning methodology in the Molecular Biology subject

Fundamento: la asignatura Biología Molecular ha presentado insuficiencias en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín, las que requieren solución. Objetivo: valorar la efectividad de una metodología de aprendizaje profesional basada en proyectos en la asignatura Biología Molecular como forma de perfeccionar el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín durante el curso 2021. Se emplearon los métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético y el inductivo-deductivo; empíricos: el análisis documental y el registro de las calificaciones de las preguntas de la primera convocatoria del examen final de la asignatura. Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas a los resultados de la evaluación final. Se utilizó una metodología de aprendizaje basada en proyectos para la implementación de la Biología Molecular, aplicada a una parte del contenido del programa analítico de la asignatura, que utilizó guías didácticas para los estudiantes y orientaciones metodológicas a los profesores, con el soporte de videos complementarios a las conferencias y a contenidos de currículo oculto, relacionados con la vinculación básico-clínica con orientación profesionalizante. Resultados: las preguntas del examen final cuyo contenido fue tratado según la metodología de proyecto de aprendizaje mostraron significativamente mejores resultados que aquellas tratadas de forma convencional. Conclusiones: la metodología de aprendizaje basada en proyectos para la asignatura Biología Molecular se determinó factible para su aplicación y proporcionó la flexibilidad necesaria para el tránsito de la docencia presencial a la modalidad a distancia.

Background: the Molecular Biology subject has presented insufficiencies in the teaching-learning process Holguín Faculty of Medical Sciences, which require a solution. Objective: to assess the effectiveness of a project-based professional learning methodology in the Molecular Biology subject as a way to improve the teaching-learning process. Methods: a development investigation was carried out at the Holguín Faculty of Medical Sciences during the 2021 academic year. Theoretical methods were used: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive; Empirical ones: the documentary analysis and the record of the qualifications of the questions of the first call of the final exam of the subject. Statistical tests were performed on the results of the final evaluation. A project-based learning methodology was used for the implementation of Molecular Biology, applied to a part of the content of the analytical program of the subject, which used didactic guides for students and methodological orientations for teachers, with the support of complementary videos to the lectures and hidden curriculum contents, related to the basic-clinical link with a professional orientation. Results: the final exam questions where its content was treated according to the learning project methodology showed significantly better results than those treated conventionally. Conclusions: the project-based learning methodology for the Molecular Biology subject was determined feasible for its application and provided the necessary flexibility for the transition from face-to-face teaching to distance learning.

Progress in research on detection techniques for peste des petits ruminants virus / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Peste des petits ruminants(PPR)is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV),which mainly infects goats and sheep with high morbidity and mortality. Because of its serious pathological damage and wide spread,PPR has caused huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry and international trade in various countries,so it is particularly important to establish a rapid and accurate detection method for the prevention and control of the disease. This paper reviews the progress in research on biological detection techniques for PPRV detection,such as routine RT-PCR,routine multiplex PCR,real-time fluorence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR),pyrosequencing,nested PCR(nPCR),loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)and recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA),so as to provide bases and ideas for scientific detection and identification of PPRV.

Research progress in extracorporeal shock wave therapy for rotator cuff injury / 中华创伤杂志

Rotator cuff injury often leads to shoulder pain and dysfunction. For the injured rotator cuff tendon without continuous interruption, conservative treatment is often used. However, the shoulder is used frequent in daily life, which makes that the rotator cuff injury generally shows gradual aggravation and eventually progresses to complete tear due to poor blood supply of the rotator cuff tendon tissue and weak repair ability. In order to reverse the pathophysiological changes after rotator cuff injury and promote the repair of injured rotator cuff tendon, a series of conservative treatments for rotator cuff injury have been explored. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is one of the representative treatments, but its molecular biological mechanism in promoting rotator cuff repair is still unclear. Therefore, the authors review the progress of ESWT for rotator cuff injury from aspects of the molecular biological mechanism and clinical application status, so as to provide a reference for future researches and clinical application of ESWT.

Reform and practice of blended teaching of biochemistry and molecular biology in the context of new medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the application effect of the blended teaching model of "pre-class synchronous small private online course (SPOC)+ flipped classroom+post-class knowledge expansion" in the theoretical teaching of biochemistry and molecular biology. Methods:A total of 951 students majoring in clinical medicine, preventive medicine, and pharmacy in the class of 2020 in Qiqihar Medical College were selected as teaching reform research group (experimental group), and their curriculum relied on the self-built massive open online course (MOOC) curriculum and the MOOC resources of Chinese universities to construct a blended teaching model; the reform methods such as small class grouping, case-based learning, and diversified examination were adopted to carry out theoretical flipped teaching activities with cross integration of cases and knowledge points as the main line. A total of 847 students majoring in clinical medicine, preventive medicine, and pharmacy in the class of 2019 were selected as control group, and the traditional teaching method was used for theoretical courses. The courses were evaluated by offline assessment and online assessment, and feedback information was collected through examination scores, questionnaire survey, and online voting. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis, and the t-test was used for comparison between groups. Results:The experimental group had a significantly higher total score of final examination than the control group [(92.12±3.88) vs. (86.73±5.27), P<0.05]. The questionnaire survey showed that the students in the experimental group showed a relatively high degree of satisfaction with the blended teaching reform, which increased their participation, experiencing, and sharing activities. The students majoring in clinical medicine in the class of 2020 believed that they had established clinical thinking ability (263, 92.61%) and become familiar with the clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of common diseases (262, 92.25%); the students majoring in preventive medicine in the class of 2020 believed that they had increased their awareness of serving the public (151, 93.21%) and developed the ability to teach and guide healthy living (148, 91.36%); the students majoring in pharmacy in the class of 2020 believed that they had mastered the mechanism of action of drugs for disease treatment (138, 93.24%) and understood the importance of rational drug use in clinical practice (135, 91.22%). Conclusion:The blended teaching model realizes student-centered teaching, stimulates the interest and initiative in learning, and improves learning outcome, thereby improving teaching quality to a certain extent.

Construction of virtuality and reality combination teaching mode of molecular biology experiment based on constructivism / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:Molecular biology experimental technology has become an important basic tool for exploring biology and medicine and other related disciplines. We aim to explore an effective molecular biology experimental teaching model which will definitely improve students' molecular biology experimental skills and autonomous learning ability.Methods:Guided by the theory of constructivism, with the molecular biology experimental course as the carrier, and with the basic requirements of constructing the basic molecular biology experimental technology of the system, a teaching platform was established to guide students to preview the experiment independently; the physical experimental projects were integrated and optimized and the virtual simulation experimental projects were increased, with virtuality and reality, to improve students' molecular biology experimental skills and autonomous learning ability.Results:An online teaching platform has been established, which effectively guides and improves the effect of students' preview experiments, and cultivates the ability of autonomous learning. Besides, the experimental teaching mode combining optimization of physical experimental projects and virtual simulation experimental projects significantly improved students' molecular biology experimental operation skills and problem-solving ability.Conclusion:A constructivism-based teaching mode of combining virtual and real molecular biology has been established, which is an effective way to improve students' molecular biology experimental skills and autonomous learning ability.

Elementos claves para evitar la contaminación en el Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la provincia Holguín / Key elements to avoid contamination at the Molecular Biology Laboratory in Holguin province

Introducción: La técnica de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) es una herramienta diagnóstica altamente específica, pero muy sensible. Su susceptibilidad a la contaminación constituye el principal problema en los laboratorios. Por ello, es urgente conocer las posibles causas de su origen, así como prevenirlas y contar con varios métodos para su eliminación. Objetivo: Describir los elementos claves para evitar la contaminación en el Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la provincia Holguín. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en la base de datos de Google académico y en artículos relevantes relacionados con el tema. Además, se tomó como referencia las Orientaciones sobre la bioseguridad en el laboratorio relacionada con la COVID-19 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, versión 2021. Información, análisis y síntesis: Se recomienda llevar a cabo una valoración institucional del riesgo para identificar los peligros específicos de cada etapa del proceso: exposición a aerosoles, posibles salpicaduras, derrames de materiales y riesgos químicos relacionados con los reactivos. Cada etapa debe tener su riesgo evaluado. La prevención de la contaminación de una PCR comienza con la distribución de las zonas, por eso el flujo de trabajo en un laboratorio de biología molecular es solo en una dirección: de pre-PCR a PCR. Además de la aplicación de normas generales, se deben tomar otras medidas de eliminación de riesgos como el control de ingeniería, la eficacia germicida de la luz ultravioleta y el control de la contaminación del laboratorio. Conclusiones: Evitar la contaminación en el laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la provincia Holguín en el curso de la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 es de vital importancia en la calidad de los servicios de salud.

Introduction: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is a highly specific but very sensitive diagnostic tool. Its susceptibility to contamination is the main problem in laboratories. Therefore, taking into account the possible causes of its origin, preventing it and having several methods for its elimination is of paramount importance. Objective: To describe the key elements to avoid contamination at the Molecular Biology Laboratory in Holguin province. Methods: A literature review was conducted in the Google Scholar database and in relevant articles related to the topic. In addition, the Laboratory biosafety guidance related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) version 2021 was used as a reference. Information, analysis and synthesis: It is recommended to conduct an institutional risk assessment to identify the specific hazards of each stage of the process: exposure to aerosols, possible splashes, material spills and chemical hazards related to reagents. Preventing contamination of a PCR starts with the layout of the areas, that is why the workflow in a molecular biology laboratory is only in one direction: from pre-PCR to PCR. In addition to the application of general standards, other hazard elimination measures such as engineering control, germicidal efficacy of ultraviolet light, and laboratory contamination control must be taken. Conclusions: Avoiding contamination in the Molecular Biology Laboratory in Holguin province in the course of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is vital for the quality of health services.

Software de Biología Molecular como herramienta educativa en el primer año de la carrera demedicina

Introducción: La asignatura Biología Molecular constituye un gran desafío para los estudiantes del primer año de Medicina, pues se imparte en la etapa de adaptación a la Educación Superior. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en confeccionar un software educativo offline de la asignatura Biología Molecular como instrumento de trabajo que permitiera aplicar una nueva estrategia metodológica del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los profesores y estudiantes del primer año de la carrera de Medicina. Método: Se programó en HTML y se distribuyó a todos los estudiantes y profesores de la asignatura Biología Molecular del curso 2021. Se aplicó una nueva estrategia metodológica altamente participativa de los estudiantes. Se analizaron los resultados académicos de 279 estudiantes que examinaron en las tres convocatorias de exámenes finales de la asignatura, midiendo y graduando el rendimiento académico obtenido con el empleo del software educativo. Resultados: El software educativo diseñado con apariencia de un sitio Web presenta un menú principal con opciones de presentación, instrucciones, plan calendario, conferencias, guías de estudio para las clases talleres, autoevaluaciones y una biblioteca. Funciona en cualquier dispositivo que posea un navegador de internet. Se alcanzó un elevado rendimiento académico acompañado de una alta calidad del mismo. Conclusiones: El software educativo fue empleado exitosamente por estudiantes y profesores; constituyó la herramienta fundamental para el cambio metodológico aplicado en la impartición de la asignatura y se obtuvo un elevado rendimiento académico por parte de los estudiantes.

Introduction: The subject Molecular Biology constitutes a great challenge for the students of the first year of Medicine, since it is taught in the stage of adaptation to Higher Education. The objective of this research was to develop an educational software for the subject of Molecular Biology as a working tool that would allow the application of a new methodological strategy for the teaching-learning process of teachers and students of the first year of Medicine. Method: The educational software was programmed in HTML and distributed to all students and teachers of the subject Molecular Biology of the 2021 course. A new methodological highly participative strategy of students was applied. The academic results of 279 students who took the three final exams of the course were analyzed, measuring and grading the academic performance obtained with the use of the educational software. Results: The educational software designed to look like a website presents a main menu with presentation options, instructions, calendar plan, lectures, study guides for classes, workshops, self-evaluations and a library. It works on any device with a web browser. High academic performance accompanied by high academic quality was achieved. Conclusions: The educational software was successfully employed by students and teachers, which was fundamental for the methodological change applied in the teaching of the subject with a high academic performance.

Identificación de agentes virales en niños con infección respiratoria aguda

Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias agudas representan un problema de salud en niños, con elevadas cifras de morbilidad y elevado índice de mortalidad. Objetivo: Determinar la circulación de virus respiratorios en niños ingresados con diagnóstico de infección respiratoria aguda, negativos para COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo en 119 niños con infección respiratoria aguda, entre 0 y 6 años e ingreso hospitalario entre octubre de 2021-abril de 2022. Se tomaron muestras de exudado nasofaríngeo para estudio virológico (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real). Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, diagnóstico clínico, período de ocurrencia y aislamiento de virus respiratorios. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino con 51 % y la edad correspondiente al período neonatal con 50 %, seguidos por lactantes entre 1 y 11 meses (40 %), solo 10 % entre 1 y 6 años de edad. Resultaron positivas 42 % de las muestras con predominio del CoV229E (78 %); se aislaron otros virus como influenza A (6 %), sincitial respiratorio (6 %), CoVOC43 (2 %) y rinovirus (2 %). El CoV229E fue frecuente en pacientes con infección respiratoria aguda alta (48,7 %), seguido de infección respiratoria aguda grave (20,5 %) y bronquiolitis (28,2 %). Se detectó coinfección viral solo en infección respiratoria aguda grave, específicamente por IFA/CoV229E (4 %) y CoV229E/bocavirus (2 %). Conclusiones: Se destaca la importancia de la biología molecular para el aislamiento viral. El coronavirus CoV229E tiene relevancia en los casos de infección respiratoria aguda alta y grave principalmente en los menores de 1 año.

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections represent a health problem in children, with high morbidity and high mortality rates. Objective: To determine the circulation of respiratory viruses in children admitted with a diagnosis of acute respiratory infection, negative to COVID-19. Methods: Descriptive observational study in 119 children with acute respiratory infection, in the ages from 0 to 6, and with hospital admission in the period from October 2021 to April 2022. Nasopharyngeal exudate samples were taken for virological study (real-time polymerase chain reaction). The variables studied were: age, sex, clinical diagnosis, period of occurrence and isolation of respiratory viruses. Results: The female sex predominated with 51% and the age corresponding to the neonatal period with 50 %, followed by infants between 1 and 11 months (40%), and only 10% in the ages from 1 to 6 years. 42 % of the samples with a predominance of CoV229E (78%) were positive; other viruses such as influenza A (6 %), respiratory syncytial (6 %), CoVOC43 (2%) and rhinovirus (2%) were isolated. CoV229E was common in patients with high acute respiratory infection (48.7%), followed by severe acute respiratory infection (20.5%) and bronchiolitis (28.2%). Viral co-infection was detected only in severe acute respiratory infection, specifically by IFA/CoV229E (4%) and CoV229E/bocavirus (2%). Conclusions: The importance of molecular biology for viral isolation is highlighted. The Coronavirus CoV229E has relevance in cases of acute high and severe respiratory infection mainly in children under 1 year old.